Identification of Small GTPases That Phosphorylate IRF3 through TBK1 Activation Using an Active Mutant Library Screen

Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) integrates both immunological and non-immunological inputs to control cell survival and death. Small GTPases are versatile functional switches that lie on the very upstream in signal transduction pathways, of which duration of activation is very transient. The large number of homologous proteins and the requirement for site-directed mutagenesis have hindered attempts to investigate the link between small GTPases and IRF3. Here, we constructed a constitutively active mutant expression library for small GTPase expression using Gibson assembly cloning. Small-scale screening identified multiple GTPases capable of promoting IRF3 phosphorylation. Intriguingly, 27 of 152 GTPases, including ARF1, RHEB, RHEBL1, and RAN, were found to increase IRF3 phosphorylation. Unbiased screening enabled us to investigate the sequence-activity relationship between the GTPases and IRF3. We found that the regulation of IRF3 by small GTPases was dependent on TBK1. Our work reveals the significant contribution of GTPases in IRF3 signaling and the potential role of IRF3 in GTPase function, providing a novel therapeutic approach against diseases with GTPase overexpression or active mutations, such as cancer.

Transcatheter Closure of a Residual Shunt after Surgical Repair of Traumatic Ventricular Septal Defect / 소아과

The traumatic ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare but potentially life threatening complication of chest wall injury. The traumatic VSD occurs in up to 4.5% of penetrating cardiac trauma. Most of the patients are usually operated on because of heart failure and/or significant left-to-right shunt. The feasibility of surgical repair under cardiopulmonary bypass may be affected by coexisting pulmonary, cerebral or other vascular injuries. Transcatheter closure of VSD is being considered as an alternative therapeutic modality to surgery in order to avoid the potential risk of cardiopulmonary bypass. We report a patient who underwent a successful transcatheter closure of VSD with an Amplatzer (R) VSD occluder. The patient had a residual VSD with significant left-to-right shunt after surgical repair of post-traumatic VSD using cardiopulmonary bypass.

A Case of Turner Syndrome with Coarctation and Subclavian Steal Syndrome by the Left Subclavian Artery from the Descending Aorta Below the Coarcted Segment

Juxtaductal coarctation is usually distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery, occasionally the orifice of the subclavian artery is involved in the coarctation and partially obstructed. An anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery from the descending aorta below the coarcted segment is also occasionally encountered. Reversed vertebral artery flow to a subclavian artery arising at or below a coarctation may produce the subclavian steal syndrome. Rarely both subclavian arteries arise beyond the coarctation. These abnormal subclavian arteries are important in clinical diagnosis and treatment. We report a case of Turner syndrome with coarctation, which present as juxtaductal type and the left subclavian artery from the descending aorta below the coarcted segment with reversed vertebral artery flow to a subclavian artery producing the subclavian steal syndrome. Resecton of coarctation segment and end-to-end anastomosis was successfully performed after transfer of left subclavian artery to distal segment of descending aorta.

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis with Bilateral Chylothorax: 1 case report / 대한흉부외과학회지

We had expierienced pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis(LAM) with bilateral chylothorax and chylous ascites. A twenty-one-year-old lass with chief complaint of abdominal pain was admitted through the emergency room. She received emergent pelvicoscopic surgery for the rupture of the right corpus luteum. We aspirated 1000ml of the uncoagulated blood. The bleeding point was cautherized electrically. LAM was diagnosed with tissue from the retroperitoneum. Chylous ascites and bilateral chylothorax were occurred despite of various treatments. On thoracotomy, bullous changed lung and lymphatic leakage from visceral and parietal pleura were observed. She died of respiratory insufficiency and general weakness after 6 months from admission.

Subphrenic Abscess Due to Retained Gauze / 대한흉부외과학회지

Eighty-four-year old man who had lapalotomy for stomach ulcer perforation 35 years ago was admitted for left lower chest discomfort. Chest X-ray and CT showed a large mass with air fluid level in left lower lung field. The tentative diagnosis was infected bronchogenic cyst. After a thoracotomy, the mass was confirmed as elevated diaphragm and subphrenic abscess with a foreign body, retained surgical gauze. The pus and gauze were located between stomach and diaphragm. His hospital course was smooth and uneventful, he was discharged with good outcome on postoperative day 9.

Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Esophagus: A case report / 대한흉부외과학회지

Stromal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, especially of the esophagus, are rare. We had a case of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST) of the esophagus. A 46 years old woman was admitted for abnormal mass shadow in the chest radiograph. The mass was originated from the lower thoracic esophagus, and compressed the right lower pulmonary vein and the inferior vena cava. We removed the tumor externally without injuring of the esophageal mucosa via right posterolateral thoracotomy. The tumor was positive for CD 34 and CD 117, and diagnosed malignant GIST of the esophagus.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Oral Doxycycline, Homologous Blood and Talc as Pleural Sclerosing Agents in Rats / 대한흉부외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Parenteral tetracycline is no longer available for pleural sclerosing agent for pleurodesis in Korea due to the discontinuation of the production. The purposes of this study were to determine whether oral doxycycline (ODC) could be used as an effective sclerosing agent for pleurodesis, and to compare the effectiveness of ODC to other agents, such as homologous blood and talc. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twenty male rats were divided into four groups (A to D). Following agents were given to each group intrapleurally; 10 ml/kg of 0.9% saline to group A, 10 mg/kg of ODC to group B, 2 ml/kg of homologous blood to group C, and 70 mg/kg of talc slurry to group D. All animals were sacrificed 28 days after instillation. The pleural spaces were assessed grossly and microscopically and were graded from 0 to 3, and the thicknesses of the pleura were measured. RESULT: The gross score of group A was 0.0, group B was 1.4+/-0.9, group C was 1.0+/-0.7, and group D was 2.2+/-0.8. Significant adhesion were examined in group B and D grossly (p<0.05). The pleural thickness of group A was 0.7+/-0.2 /10(2) mm, group B was 1.2+/-0.4 /10(2) mm, group C was 1.4+/-0.4 /10(2) mm, and group D was 3.5+/-0.9 /10(2) mm. Group D showed pleural thickening significantly (p<0.05). The microscopic score of group A was 1.0, group B was 1.7+/-0.5, group C was 1.5+/-0.4, and group D was 2.8+/-0.4. Group B and D showed significant inflammations and depositions of collagen (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: ODC showed significant pleurodesis grossly and microscopically, and homologous blood did not show adhesion. Talc was a significant sclerosing agent for pleurodesis causing extensive inflammation and collagen depisotion.

Cardiac Malignant Mesenchymoma: Two Cases Report / 대한흉부외과학회지

Primary cardiac tumors are rare and about 20~25% of primary cardiac tumors are malignant. Moreover, primary malignant mesenchymoma of the heart is extremely rare. Recently, we have experienced two cases of cardiac malignant mesenchymoma. In the first case, malignant mesenchymoma which was originated from the posterior wall of the left atrium obstructing the mitral orifice was revealed pathologically in a 61-year-old woman with mitral regurgitation. The mass, which was 2.7 X 3.7cm in size on the posterior wall of left atrium, was extended to the posteromedial commissure and annulus of the mitral valve. The mass was resected partially without excision of the left atrial free wall. She was discharged after 30 days without any problems and she received chemotherapy and followed up for 19months. The second case was a 4 X 5cm in size, friable, yellow-whitish multilobulated mass in the left atrium which was originated from the left lower pulmonary vein. Multiple minor tumor nodules were found in the wall of the left atrium and the posterior leaflet of mitral valve. Partial mass excision and mitral valve replacement were performed.

Surgical Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma with IVC Tumor Extension Using Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest: A Case Report / 대한흉부외과학회지

A 64-year-old man was admitted for gross hematuria. Preoperative study revealed right renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava(IVC) tumor thrombus. Right radical nephrectomy was performed, and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest(DHCA) with retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP) was used for extraction of tumor thrombus in the IVC. The thrombus originated from the right kidney, which extended the orifice of the gonadal vein in the left renal vein laterally, the hepatic vein superiorly, and 3 cm below the right renal vein inferiorly. The thrombus was removed completely without caval wall injury under DHCA with RCP, and the postoperative course was uneventful. He received immunotherapy with interferon, and followed up without any surgical problem.

Thrombolytic Therapy for Thrombosis of Prosthetic Mitral Valve: A Case Report / 대한흉부외과학회지

Prosthetic valve thrombosis(PVT) may be a life-threatening complication requiring prompt intervention. This is a case report of thrombolytic therapy for thrombosis of prosthetic mitral valve. A 47 year-old male admitted to the emergency room for abrupt onset of dyspnea. He had undergone mitral valve replacement(On-X valve, 29mm) for mitral stenosis 8 months ago. The patient's international normalized ratio(INR) on admission was 1.09. The mechanical clicks were muffled and rales were heard in both lung fields. A transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) revealed prosthetic valve thrombosis with increased transvalvular pressure gradient(34 mmHg). The patient's condition needed to intubation for mechanical ventilation due to hemodynamic compromise, however his wife and relatives refused the surgical intervention due to financial problems. The patient was transferred to the cardiac care unit and we decided to perform thrombolytic therapy. A bolus of 1,500,000 IU of urokinase was given, followed by a drip of 1,500,000 IU for 1 hour. The patient did not improved hemodynamically; therefore, we gave 100 mg of tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA) for over 2 hours. During that time mechanical clicks were audible and hemodynamics of the patient improved progressively. A TEE showed disappearance of thrombus and decreased pressure gradient(1.7 mmHg) after 6 hours of thrombolytic therapy. The patient was recovered without any neurologic sequale and was discharged with administration of warfarin.

Thrombolytic Therapy for Thrombosis of Prosthetic Mitral Valve: A Case Report / 대한흉부외과학회지

Prosthetic valve thrombosis(PVT) may be a life-threatening complication requiring prompt intervention. This is a case report of thrombolytic therapy for thrombosis of prosthetic mitral valve. A 47 year-old male admitted to the emergency room for abrupt onset of dyspnea. He had undergone mitral valve replacement(On-X valve, 29mm) for mitral stenosis 8 months ago. The patient's international normalized ratio(INR) on admission was 1.09. The mechanical clicks were muffled and rales were heard in both lung fields. A transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) revealed prosthetic valve thrombosis with increased transvalvular pressure gradient(34 mmHg). The patient's condition needed to intubation for mechanical ventilation due to hemodynamic compromise, however his wife and relatives refused the surgical intervention due to financial problems. The patient was transferred to the cardiac care unit and we decided to perform thrombolytic therapy. A bolus of 1,500,000 IU of urokinase was given, followed by a drip of 1,500,000 IU for 1 hour. The patient did not improved hemodynamically; therefore, we gave 100 mg of tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA) for over 2 hours. During that time mechanical clicks were audible and hemodynamics of the patient improved progressively. A TEE showed disappearance of thrombus and decreased pressure gradient(1.7 mmHg) after 6 hours of thrombolytic therapy. The patient was recovered without any neurologic sequale and was discharged with administration of warfarin.

Endocarditis with Intracardiac Migration of Transvenous Permanent Pacing Lead: 1 Case Report / 대한흉부외과학회지

When any part of the pacemaker system is infected, all pacemaker hardware should be removed, because reinfection rates of 51% to 77% have been noted in patients whose infected pacemaker system has been only partially explanted. The removal of infected leads during cardiopulmonary bypass prevents mechanical injury as well as the spread of infection and vegetation. We report one case of endocarditis by staphylococcus aureus with infected transvenous pacing lead which was migrated into the heart from the left subclavian vein. We removed the migrated pacing lead and vegetation under cardiopulmonary bypass.

Endocarditis with Intracardiac Migration of Transvenous Permanent Pacing Lead: 1 Case Report / 대한흉부외과학회지

When any part of the pacemaker system is infected, all pacemaker hardware should be removed, because reinfection rates of 51% to 77% have been noted in patients whose infected pacemaker system has been only partially explanted. The removal of infected leads during cardiopulmonary bypass prevents mechanical injury as well as the spread of infection and vegetation. We report one case of endocarditis by staphylococcus aureus with infected transvenous pacing lead which was migrated into the heart from the left subclavian vein. We removed the migrated pacing lead and vegetation under cardiopulmonary bypass.

Redo Konno Procedure / 대한흉부외과학회지

A 28 year-old male who had received Konno procedure twelve years ago with 23mm mechanical aortic valve and bovine pericardium with which his small aortic annulus, ventricular septum and right ventricular outflow tract had been enlarged was transferred due to sudden congestive heart failure. There were perforations on aortic and interventricular portion of bovine pericardial patch above and below the aortic valve, respectively, which was calcified and denaturated severely. The perforations seemed to be attributed to the cracks, resulting from mobility of mechanical aortic valve itself and stiffness of calcified and denaturated bovine patch. We performed a redo Konno procedure applying PTFE patch.

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula presented by Brain Abscess: A case report / 대한흉부외과학회지

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations(PAVM) are uncommon diseases. Brain abscesses could be a rare and devastating complication of PAVM. Central nervous complaints may be the first manifestations of PAVM. We report a case of PAVM presented by brain abscess, which was treated by craniotomy.

A Study on the In-Vitro Test of Thrombogenesis in Centrifugal Biopump / 대한흉부외과학회지

No abstract available.

Evaluation on the Extended Transseptal Approachin Mitral Valvular Operations / 대한흉부외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Adequate exposure of the mitral valve is a prerequisite for mitral procedures including the repair. An extended transseptal approach in mitral valvular operations is known to have certain technical advantages in recent years because of the anatomic posterior location of the mitral valve, especially in reoperations and in the presence of the small atrium in spite of the possibility of arrhythmia due to injury of sinus nodal artery. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We compared the preoperative status, operative, and postoperative factors among patients in two study groups, transseptal only (Group I, n=10) and extended transseptal approach (Group II, n=25). RESULT: There were no differences in age, sex, NYHA functional class, left atrial size, and left ventricular function. The incidence of the redo-operation was high and early postoperative arrhythmia, which was improved later, appeared in 3 patients in Group II, but not in Group I. CONCLUSION: We believe that atrial septal incision could be extended up to the atrial roof whenever exposure of the mitral valve during a transseptal approach is inadequate because the late results were similar.

Delayed Presentation of Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia / 대한흉부외과학회지

Between January 1976 and March 1997, six patients with delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia occured among the 52 patients of traumatic diaphragm rupture, of whom four males and two females, five by blunt trauma and one by stab wound, one was right side and the rest were left side. In all patients, reduction of herniated organs was accomplished by thoracotomy or thoracotomy with extension to abdomen. Suspicion of the diaphragmatic ruture from the acute traumatic chest injured patient is important and we can use the videothoracoscopy for evaluation and treatment of the traumatic diaphragm rupture.

A Surgical Treatment of the Esophageal Foreign Body: 10 cases report / 대한흉부외과학회지

Ten cases with esophageal foreign body were treated surgically from July 1980 to October 1995 at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital. The mean age was 45.3 years, with a range from 25 to 71. Out of ten cases, 6 were female and four were male. Common symptoms were dysphagia, fever, foreign body sensation and neck pain. Three cases of foreign bodies were of fish bones, two of bubble package of drugs, one case of a beer bottle cap, one of a piece glass, one of a bathtub plug, one of chicken and one of a bean. The diagnosis was established by esophagography using a water soluble contrast material and esophagoscopy. Among of ten cases, two had esophageal stricture due to the ingestion of lye at a young age. One case had experienced psychological problems. All foreign bodies were removed by surgical procedures. Five cases were treated by cervical esophagostomy, one case by right thoracotomy, one case by retrograde bougienation through gastrostomy and two cases by cervical incision and drainage for cervical abscess. Three cases developed post operative esophageal leaks which healed spontaneously and transient hoarseness developed in one case. One case developed traumatic pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema which was treated by closed thoracostomy. There were no operative deaths.

Malignant Schwannoma on the Right Chest Wall: 1 Case Report / 대한흉부외과학회지

Malignant schwannoma is rare tumor which is derived from schwan cells or nerve sheath cells, and it is frequently associated with Von Rechlinghausen's disease. We experienced one case of malignant schwannoma on the right chest wall without Von Rechlinghausen's disease. Patient was 64-year-old man who presented painless palpable mass on the right lower chest wall for about 2 months. On chest computed tomography, the mass which was 6 X 6 cm in size and had central necrosis, involved 11th rib with destruction, invaded the diaphragm and displaced the kidney anteriorlly. He underwent en-bloc resection of the tumor and discharged without any problem after 20 days.